Regular table salt usually has iodine added to it. This will color your pickles brown. I have used it in the past, when that was all I had available. I usually try to make sure I have pickling salt or kosher salt in the house, but there are those times, when you run out and don't feel like running to the store to track down the correct salt.
I'm waiting on this answer too since I don't know of any big differences other than iodized table salt has made my pickles cloudy looking but was still good eating. I have since only used canning/pickling salt since it doesn't have the iodine. I do see regular table salt without iodine at the store, but how it differs from pickling salt.
I use kosher salt instead of pickling salt all the time. I haven't noticed any difference and I think I started buying it, when I couldn't find pickling salt and read somewhere that it was a good substitute for pickling salt. It works for me.
Pickling salt is very similar to kosher, and doesn't have the iodine or additives that make table salt "free running". It's just salt. Kosher or sea salt should be just fine, coloured sea salts will impart colour to your pickles so best to stick with white if that's what you have
Sugar in pickle recipes can be adjusted "to taste" as it won't affect your results, just the taste.