I don't see the reply that I thought I posted this am, so I'll try again. Sorry if it ends up duplicated.
I got all my geese as nearly day-olds. They seem to regard me as "mama goose" and that never changed. I take care of them every day, talk to them always, etc. They are not always big on being petted but I do pet and handle them. I find most of my geese dislike being picked up.
They always stayed tame with me. I did handle the eggs, invade the nest, etc. Maybe in my ignorance, but I was never challenged by the geese. I never hit mine either, though I have used a long stick as kind of an arm extension to herd them if they don't want to follow.
That tameness does NOT extend to other people who they may see daily. The neighbor had to carry a stick when he came in my yard, and I always put them up if people came in to buy chickens.
As far as dogs, it depends on thedog. If the goose can intimidate the dog, and there may be a good chance he can, the dog may run away. A small flock of geese in attack made can be VERY intimidating! But if a dog knows how to attack them and isn't afraid, you have to remember that a goose is just a big bird. I've heard of them fighting off predators from their young, but usually getting mortally wounded in the process. Remember that a fox can take a goose, and foxes are not that large. A toy sized dog might not be able to harm a goose, but even a small terrier type that knows what he is about can probably kill one. Unless of course he runs yipping away from those huge flapping wings, biting beak on a snakelike neck, and all that hissing and honking.
They don't frighten my German Shepherd or my goats. But they are determined and won't give up either. I had to separate them from the old dog because they kept attacking her and she couldn't really get away and I didn't want her turning on them in desperation. Besides, she deserved peace and not harrassment.
But yes it will depend on the dog. You can't really expect geese to physically fight off predators without getting wounded though. They are mostly determination and intimidation, though they CAN inflict some damage themselves.